During a viral infection, viruses enter the body and multiply in its cells. Viruses often specifically attach themselves to the sugar structures of the host cells, or present characteristic sugar structures on their surface themselves. Researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have developed a new type of protein reagent for identifying biological sugar structures, which may block the spread of an illness in the body if used for blocking the sugar structures of a cell or a pathogen.
The laboratory directed by Arne Skerra, Professor of Biological Chemistry, has its focus on designing artificial binding proteins for therapeutic applications. The laboratory's current research findings are paving the way for the development of new types of binding proteins for biological sugar structures, which play a significant role in cancer as well as infectious diseases.
Recognizing biological sugar structures
"The recognition of specific sugar molecules, or so-called carbohydrates, is of vital importance in many biological processes," Prof. Skerra explains. Most cells carry a marker consisting of sugar chains which are attached to the outside of the cell membrane or to the membrane proteins, thus enabling the body to identify where these cells belong or whether certain cells are alien. Pathogens also have sugar structures of their own, or they can bind to these.
Proteins, which perform a wide range of functions within cells, generally have only low affinity to sugars. Thus, their molecular recognition poses a challenge. The reason: water molecules look similar to sugar molecules, meaning that they are basically hidden in the aqueous environment of the cells. Prof. Skerra's research group therefore set out to design an artificial binding protein with a peculiar chemical composition which makes it easier to bind to biological sugar structures.
A boric acid group implemented into a protein as amino acid
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. As a rule, nature only uses 20 amino acids in all living organisms. "Using the possibilities opened up by synthetic biology, we have employed an additional artificial amino acid," reports researcher Carina A. Sommer.
"We have succeeded in incorporating a boric acid group, which exerts intrinsic affinity to sugar molecules, into the amino acid chain of a protein. In doing this, we have created an entirely new class of binding protein for sugar molecules," Sommer explains. This artificial sugar-binding function is superior to natural binding proteins (so-called lectins) both in strength and with regard to possible sugar specificities.
"The sugar-binding activity of boric acid and its derivatives has been known for nearly a century," says Prof. Skerra. "The chemical element boron is common on earth and has low toxicity, but so far has largely remained unexplored by organisms."
"By using X-ray crystallography, we have succeeded in unraveling the crystal structure of a model complex of this artificial protein, which allowed us to validate our biomolecular concept," explains scientist Dr. Andreas Eichinger.
The next step: towards medical application
Following approximately five years of fundamental scientific research, the findings from Prof. Skerra's laboratory can now be applied to practical medical needs. Prof. Skerra points out: "Our results should not only be used to support the future development of new carbohydrate ligands in biological chemistry, but should also pave the way for creating high-affinity agents for controlling or blocking medically-relevant sugar structures on cell surfaces."
Such a "blocking agent" could be used for conditions in which strong cell growth is evident or when pathogens are attaching themselves to cells, for example in oncology and virology. If we are successful in blocking the sugar-binding function and in slowing down the progress of a disease, this would give the patient's immune system sufficient time to mobilize the body's natural defense.
