For the health of the planet and our own bodies, plastics of the future ideally should not be made of plastics at all but should still be able to function like plastics. One particularly important job that plastics perform every day is to make things adhere to a variety of surfaces—like the way sticky parts work on Post-it notes, Scotch tape, or even Band-Aids. At Boston University, Mark Grinstaff and his team of researchers, who are working to find eco-friendly alternatives to plastics, set out to design an adhesive with sticking power but not staying power—a biodegradable material made of entirely naturally derived chemical components that break down after use.
"We can replace current materials that are not degradable with something better for the environment and still maintain the properties we expect from a performance standpoint," says Grinstaff, a BU College of Engineering Distinguished Professor of Translational Research, a College of Arts & Sciences professor of chemistry, and director of the Grinstaff Group. "We can have both, we just have to be smart about how we do it."
After two years of experimentation, Grinstaff's team recently unveiled an alternative adhesive in a paper published in Nature Communications. The team says the adhesive's formula can easily be adapted to suit a wide range of industrial and medical applications that benefit from sticky materials.
"We wanted to mimic the plastic binders in paints that make them stick to the wall," explains Anjeza Beharaj, who earned her Ph.D. in organic chemistry while working in Grinstaff's lab, which works primarily with polymers, large molecular structures made up of chemically linked materials.
Although polymers are often thought to be synonymous with plastic, they can also be made of naturally derived materials—even our DNA is considered a polymer. Beharaj and Grinstaff worked with undergraduate researcher Ethan McCaslin and William A. Blessing, who recently earned a Ph.D. in chemistry at BU, to develop an adhesive system made of biodegradable polymers that can effectively stick to anything just as well as, if not better than, plastic-based products on the market today.
"The key ingredient is carbon dioxide," Beharaj explains. About 20 to 40 percent of the biodegradable adhesive, which has the consistency of honey or molasses, is composed of CO2. "We tend to think of carbon as a polluting gas in the atmosphere, and it can be, in excessive amounts. But what's exciting is that this material repurposes carbon dioxide that would otherwise go into the atmosphere, and there's a potential for oil refineries and production plants to repurpose the gas for environmentally friendly polymers. So it's a win for the environment and a win for the consumer, as it can potentially lower the price of goods since CO2 is a cheap raw material," she says.
Grinstaff and Beharaj estimate that their adhesive will take a year or less to fully break down in the environment, unlike plastic which will pollute landfills for thousands of years. (Consider for a moment that every Band-Aid and piece of duct tape you've ever thrown away is still sitting in a garbage pile somewhere!)
"This represents good progress toward making products greener, which should be a priority for the scientific community right now," says McCaslin (CAS'20), who is working toward a BA/MA in biochemistry.
He and Beharaj worked as resident assistants at a BU dormitory on Bay State Road, becoming friends before teaming up to work together in Grinstaff's lab.
McCaslin is hopeful that the adhesive will "inspire more researchers to work toward a similar goal of making products more eco-friendly," he says.
Grinstaff's team envisions the biodegradable adhesive solution could be tailored to fit the many needs of today's plastic adhesives. By adjusting the ratio of polymers and CO2 in each batch of adhesives, they are able to make the material's adhesion stronger, weaker, or able to respond to certain kinds of surfaces. The adhesive strength can range from that of Scotch tape to permanent wood glue, and it can be tailored to stick to metal, glass, wood, Teflon, and even wet surfaces.
The naturally derived and biodegradable materials are also completely safe to use on or in the human body, according to Beharaj. The adhesives could potentially replace metal used in surgeries to hold bone together, making some surgical procedures less invasive. They could also be used on the surface of skin to protect cuts, scrapes, wounds, or post-surgical incisions.
With such a huge array of possibilities, the next step is to find the best way to use and market the adhesives.
"The question right now is finding the best application, and we'll start by learning what the needs are from different communities," says Grinstaff. "People in the surgical field will have a different idea than someone in packaging, but we can address both markets."
